Planning and Design

Engineers and urban planners prepare detailed plans, which include the road alignment, width, composition of layers, drainage systems, and traffic signs. They also assess environmental impacts.

Obtaining Permits

Before construction begins, it is necessary to obtain all required permits and approvals from the relevant authorities, as well as settle any land acquisitions.

Site Preparation

This involves clearing the area, removing vegetation, excavating, and leveling the terrain to prepare the foundation for road construction.

Foundation Construction

The road foundation is key to its stability and durability. It includes laying the lower load-bearing layers (e.g., gravel, sand), which ensure stability and drainage.

Building Load-Bearing Layers

On top of the foundation, various load-bearing layers are laid, which may include crushed stone, sand, and other materials to provide sufficient load-bearing capacity and resistance to stresses.

Drainage and Water Management

Drainage systems, such as ditches, channels, and pipes, are installed to prevent water retention on the road and below it, which could damage the road structure.  

Asphalting or Concreting

The final layer, usually asphalt or concrete, is applied to the load-bearing layers. This layer ensures a smooth and durable surface for traffic.

Equipment and Marking

Traffic signs, safety barriers, lighting, and road markings are installed to ensure traffic safety and direction.  

Finishing Works

These include final landscaping around the road, planting vegetation, and other aesthetic improvements.  

Maintenance

After construction, regular maintenance is required, including repairing damage, re-marking lanes, cleaning drainage systems, and other activities to ensure the road’s safety and durability.